This article was published by the Australia Care Alliance on September 3, 2020.
On 19 June 2019 both assisted suicide and euthanasia became legal in Victoria. In a world first since ancient times, Victoria is experimenting with a system of permits for the State authorised suicide of a particular, named person using a specified lethal substance as well as permits for State authorised euthanasia of a named individual by a named doctor using a specified lethal substance (This was last done in Germany in the 1940s.)
Assisted suicide and euthanasia become legal in Victoria on June 19, 2019 when the Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017, which passed the Legislative Council on 22 November 2017 by just two votes (22-18) came in to full operation.
Regulations were gazetted in September 2018.
Numbers
The Voluntary Assisted Dying Review Board’s Report of operations January to June 2020 reports that 104 people died by assisted suicide following ingestion of a prescribed lethal substance and 20 people were killed by euthanasia by a physician - 124 people in total – between 19 June 2019 and 31 December 2019. Of these 78 died in the second six months period - up 70% from the 46 in the first six months.
This represents approximately 0.38% of all deaths in Victoria for the period January-June 2020. It is worth noting that it took sixteen years of legalised assisted suicide before Oregon got to this rate in 2015.A further 50 people were prescribed and supplied with a lethal substance before June 30, 2020 but had not yet been reported as having ingested it by that date; and 47 additional people were given VADSAPs – a permit for a doctor to prescribe a lethal substance for a person to use to commit suicide – but had not yet been dispensed the lethal substance.
10 additional people had received VADPAPs – a permit for a doctor to kill a person by lethal injection – but had not yet been killed by June 30, 2020.
41 permits were not issued when first applied but all were subsequently issued after a further application.
Eligibility criteria
The core eligibility criterion is set out in Section 9 (1) (d) of the Act:
- the person must be diagnosed with a disease, illness or medical condition that—
- is incurable; and
- is advanced, progressive and will cause death; and
- is expected to cause death within weeks or months, not exceeding 6 months; and
- is causing suffering to the person that cannot be relieved in a manner that the person considers tolerable.
The first three elements of this criterion are to be assessed by two doctors, one of whom is required to “relevant expertise and experience in the person's disease, illness or medical condition”, the nature of such expertise and experience to be stated on Form 1 or Form 2 as set out in Schedule 1 of the Act.
None of the terms used in this provision are further defined in the Act nor any guidance given in the Regulations as to how they are to be assessed.
During debate on the Bill it became clear that there are uncertainties around the meaning of “incurable” and “will cause death” so that, for instance an insulin dependent diabetic who declines to take insulin may qualify under this criterion.
It was also accepted that there are misdiagnoses and errors in prognosis so that there will inevitability be some wrongful deaths.
It is important to note that the fourth element in the criterion relating to “suffering” is specifically NOT to be assessed by the two doctors. It is entirely subjective and therefore entirely meaningless. A person is suffering in the required sense simply if the person asserts that this is the case.This approach applies in Canada but notable not in the Netherlands or Belgium where the objective nature of the suffering – and the incapacity to relieve it – is a matter for professional assessment by the physician, including a relevant specialist.
There is no definition of suffering and therefore nothing to exclude forms of existential suffering such as loss of autonomy, lack of capacity to enjoy former hobbies, feeling a burden on family or financial concerns to be the only suffering experienced. There is absolutely no requirement for the person to be experiencing pain or other physical symptoms.
Mental illness
Section 9 (2) of the Act provides that:
A person is not eligible for access to voluntary assisted dying only because the person is diagnosed with a mental illness, within the meaning of the Mental Health Act 2014.
The force of the word “only” is the key to understanding the limited usefulness of this provision in protecting persons with mental illness.Sections 18 (1) and 27 (1) provide respectively that if the co-ordinating medical practitioner or the consulting medical practitioner:
It does not preclude a person with a profound mental illness but who also has another “a disease, illness or medical condition” that meets the criterion set out in section 9 (1) (d) of the Act from accessing assisted suicide or euthanasia.
Nor does it explicitly preclude a mental illness from itself being considered to be “a disease, illness or medical condition” that meets the criterion set out in section 9 (1) (d) of the Act. For example, a person with anorexia who is expected to die within 6 months as a result of refusing treatment could qualify or even a person with treatment resistant suicidal ideation. It remains to be seen whether the Act will be applied in this way.
is unable to determine whether the person has decision-making capacity in relation to voluntary assisted dying as required by the eligibility criteria, for example, due to a past or current mental illness of the person, [he or she] must refer the person to a registered health practitioner who has appropriate skills and training, such as a psychiatrist in the case of mental illness.
It is entirely up to the assessing doctors to form their own view as to their expertise in assessing decision-making capacity. This provision is weaker than the corresponding provision in Oregon which refers to “impaired judgement” rather than a lack of “decision-making capacity” which is defined in section 4 in purely cognitive terms, taking no account of the effects, say, of depression or demoralisation on a person judging what is truly in his or her best interests.
The evidence from Oregon shows that even with this stricter approach “as many as 150 people with depression may have been helped to commit suicide without any such referral”.
Under section 36 of the Act the two people witnessing the signature on the written declaration must certify in writing “that, at the time the person signed the declaration, the person appeared to have decision-making capacity in relation to voluntary assisted dying”. This hardly adds any extra assurance to the process as the witnesses do not need to have any expertise or prior knowledge of the person.
There is a provision in section 68 of the Act for a person who is considered by VCAT (Victorian Civil and administrative Tribunal) to have “a special interest in the medical treatment and care of the person” assessed as eligible for assisted suicide or euthanasia to apply to VCAT for a review of the decision that the person has decision-making capacity.
Disability
Section 9 (3) of the Act provides that “A person is not eligible for access to voluntary assisted dying only because the person has a disability, within the meaning of section 3(1) of the Disability Act 2006.”
Once again the key word is “only”. Nothing precludes a person with a disability – physical or intellectual – from accessing assisted suicide or euthanasia provided the person meets the other eligibility criteria. Nothing precludes the person’s disability from being considered as “a disease, illness or medical condition” expected to cause death within 6 months.
Nor are there any explicit provisions to protect people with disability from discriminatory assessment under the required processes by doctors who would consider a person with a particular disability as “better off dead”.
People with disability are more likely to experience undiagnosed depression especially following initial acquisition of a disability or adverse developments in their physical, psychological or social condition.
The Act explicitly provides for requests for assisted suicide or euthanasia to be made by gestures. It is not made explicit in the Act whether or not an accredited interpreter is required in this case. A recent court case in the Netherlands determined that “hand squeezes, nods, eye blinking and crying were all sufficient signs of” a request for euthanasia.
Coercion
The Act requires the two assessing doctors, as well as the witness to an administration request in the case of euthanasia, to certify that the person requesting assisted suicide or euthanasia is “acting voluntarily and without coercion”.
Assessing doctors are required to complete training approved by the Secretary of the Department of Health on “identifying and assessing risk factors for abuse or coercion”.There is no provision for anyone to seek a review at VCAT of an assessment by the two doctors that a person is acting “voluntarily and without coercion” in requesting assisted suicide or euthanasia. A family member or friend who becomes aware that a person is being coerced has no formal recourse under the Act at all.
However, this training consists of just ten minutes of slides and videos as a small part of the online mandatory training that most doctors are completing in four hours or less[1]. Ten minutes of training cannot guarantee that assessing doctors never miss the signs of coercion or abuse given the well-documented evidence of failure by professionals in Australia to identify elder abuse.[2]
State issued permits
Form 3 in the Regulations sets out what a VADSAP or “voluntary assisted dying self-administration permit” looks like.
“This self-administration permit in respect of Mary Brown authorises Dr John Smith for the purpose of causing Mary Brown death, to prescribe and supply the substance specified in this permit to Mary Brown that is able to be self-administered; and is of a sufficient dose to cause death”.
The permit will be signed by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services or his or her delegate.
The permit will also directly authorise Mary Brown to “use and self-administer the substance” specified in the permit in order to cause her death.
This is clearly not just State sanctioned suicide but – in a world first since ancient times – State authorised suicide of a particular, named person using a specified lethal substance.Form 4 in the Regulations sets out what a VADPAP or “voluntary assisted dying practitioner administration permit” looks like.
“This practitioner administration permit is issued to Dr John Smith … this practitioner administration permit in respect of Jim Brown for the purpose of causing Jim Brown death, authorises Dr John Smith to administer the substance to Jim Brown.”The Regulations specify that the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services or his or her delegate will have 3 business days from receiving a VADSAP or VADPAP application form (accompanied by five other forms) to either issue the permit or refuse to do so. 68% of applications are processed in just two business days - unheard of public service efficiency - all in the service of poisoning Victorians.
This is State authorised euthanasia of a named individual by a named doctor using a specified lethal substance. It was last done in Germany in the 1940s.
All that the Secretary or his or her delegate will do is to check that two doctors have ticked the right boxes and filled in the blanks on the six forms.
None of this checking of ticked boxes can possibly guarantee that the person who the Secretary or delegate will authorise to commit suicide or to be killed by euthanasia really:
- has the alleged condition;
- actually has only six months to live;
- is not being coerced overtly or subtly by impatient heirs or weary caregivers;
- is not depressed;
- is not being discriminated against due to disability; and
- could not have had their suffering relieved with appropriate palliative care.
Assisted suicide
The processes for assisted suicide are deeply flawed.
The “poison or controlled substance or a drug of dependence specified in a voluntary assisted dying permit for the purpose of causing a person's death” approved by the Secretary, prescribed by the doctor and issued by a pharmacist to the person will be 20g of sodium pentobarbital.
On 5 January 2019 the Minister for Health, Martin Foley, announced that The Alfred Hospital pharmacy would be "the sole service for dispensing" the lethal cocktail across Victoria. "For people too sick to travel, the pharmacy service will deliver them their medication and provide information on administration".
The notion of a kind of "uber-poison" service to country Victoria - where there is a chronic shortage in ready access to palliative care medicines as needed - is particularly disturbing.
There is no requirement for any doctor or other health practitioner to be present when the poison is ingested.
In Oregon, under a similar scheme, in 2019 for two out of three people there was no physician or other healthcare provider known to be present at the time of ingestion. In one out of ten cases where a health care provider was present they reported that the person either had difficulty ingesting or regurgitated the lethal dose, or had other complications. In previous years, complications have also included seizures. Eight people have regained consciousness and died subsequently from the underlying illness.
The interval from ingestion of lethal drugs to unconsciousness was as long as four hours while the time from ingestion to death was as long as 104 hours with one person in 2019 taking 47 hours to die.
Imagine these complications occurring for a person who is home alone when they ingest the poison.
The Act does not require any assessment of decision-making competence or absence of coercion at the time of ingestion nor does it set any time limit on the length of time between the poison being prescribed under a VADSAP and it being ingested. In Oregon the longest duration between initial request and ingestion recorded is 1009 days (that is 2 years and 9 months).
There is no provision for the Voluntary Assisted Dying Review Board to collect or report data on complications or time between ingestion and unconsciousness or ingestion and and death.
The Regulations provide the specifications for the locked box in which the Act requires the lethal poison issued under a VADSAP to be stored. It must be made of steel. It must be “not easily penetrable”. It must be “lockable with a lock of sturdy construction”.
The last two requirements are entirely subjective. What counts as “not easily penetrable” or as a “lock of sturdy construction”? Who knows? Almost any steel petty cash box could be thought to qualify.
There are no requirements for where the box containing the lethal poison is to be kept. However, section 126 of the Act does specifically exclude it from the usual protective requirements for dangerous medication in aged care services - so it may have to be kept under grannie’s bed in her aged care room.
Nor are there any limits on how many keys there can be to the box or on who can have a key (or the code in case of a combination lock).
And of course if there is no witness we will never know if the person really self-administered the poison or if it was administered to them by a family member or other person under duress, surreptitiously or violently.
Euthanasia
Section 48 of the Act allows for euthanasia (practitioner administration of the poison) as an alternative to assisted suicide in the case where a single doctor certifies that he or she is satisfied that “the person is physically incapable of the self-administration or digestion of an appropriate poison or controlled substance or drug of dependence” and provides a reason for this incapacity in completing Form 8 of schedule 1 of the Act and Form 2 as set out in the Regulations .
In the first twelve months to 30 June 2020, some 16.1% (20 out of 124) of cases involved euthanasia by lethal injection.The Board actively encourages recourse to euthanasia in its Report:
“While self-administration might be appropriate for the applicant initially, it may not always be when close to death. Coordinating medical practitioners can apply for a new practitioner administration permit if the applicant has lost the physical capacity to swallow or digest the medication. ‘I was worried she wouldn't be able to swallow the medication.’ – Contact person.”
The Report does not provide any data on how often, if ever, this has occurred to date.
It does indicate that the threshold for justifying euthanasia as the method of bringing about death is so low that vague concerns about an ability to swallow the (liquid) medication would be sufficient.Comparative statistics between jurisdictions permitting only assisted suicide and those permitting both assisted suicide and euthanasia suggest that where euthanasia is available the overall rate of deaths from assisted suicide and euthanasia is significantly higher.
This may explain why Victoria has reached a death rate of 0.38% from prescribed lethal poisons in one year of legalisation sixteen times faster than Oregon which only permits assisted suicide.Conclusion
On 19 June 2019 Victoria embarked on the fifteenth in a series of experiments in legalised euthanasia or assisted suicide begun in the Northern Territory in 1996. Each of these experiments has proved to be fatally flawed resulting in wrongful deaths. There is nothing in the design of the Victorian experiment or the data so far to justify any expectation of better results.
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